Introduction
Iran holds a key geographical position and its growing political power makes it an important player in the politics of the Middle East. Controlling the Strait of Hormuz — a vital passage for a large share of the world’s oil supply — Tehran has significant leverage in global affairs. This increasing influence has heightened its ongoing rivalry with Israel, which faces increasing scrutiny for its alleged breaches of international humanitarian law. To grasp the regional situation and its broader consequences for global security, it is crucial to understand what motivates both nations and what capabilities they possess.
Iran’s Regional and Global Leverage
From a pragmatic viewpoint, Iran’s efforts to develop nuclear technology and its extensive backing of proxy groups — such as Hezbollah in Lebanon and Hamas in Palestine — allow it to maintain asymmetric power across the region. These networks complicate Israel’s strategic planning and act as a counterbalance to Western influence in the Middle East.
Iran’s role as the heart of Shia Islam enhances its influence in the region. Strengthening ties with Russia and China positions Tehran as a significant figure in an emerging multipolar world order that contests Western dominance.
Furthermore, Iran’s importance is reinforced by its abundant natural resources, large population, and advancing military capabilities. By controlling essential energy routes and utilising its regional proxies, Iran defends its sovereignty while actively shaping the strategic landscape of the Middle East.
Iran possesses a strong military infrastructure based on self-reliance, unconventional warfare, and a vast network of proxies — including resistance fighters in Iraq, Syria, and Yemen. Its advanced ballistic missile programme, drone capabilities, and growing cyber warfare competence provide it with a strategic deterrent. In contrast, Israel’s military power heavily relies on sophisticated Western weaponry and diplomatic support from the United States and NATO allies. While Israel has technological advantages, Iran’s asymmetric strategies give it greater strategic depth and adaptability in the region. This discrepancy continues to define the enduring competition between the two nations.
Israel’s Actions and International Controversy
Israel’s military actions in Palestinian territories have led to sustained global criticism. Its frequent airstrikes, targeted assassinations, and ongoing expansion of settlements are widely regarded as breaches of international law, notably the Geneva Conventions and other humanitarian legal principles.
The International Criminal Court (ICC) has begun preliminary inquiries into alleged Israeli war crimes, signifying an increasing global demand for accountability. From a perspective supporting liberal institutionalism, Israel’s actions expose the conflict between national security priorities and international legal standards. Additionally, constructivist theory illustrates how clashing narratives — Israel’s claim of self-defence versus widespread allegations of state terrorism — heighten mistrust and obstruct effective diplomatic efforts.
The Escalation: Israel’s Strikes on Iran
On the night of 12 April 2025, it was confirmed that Israel had launched a series of significant strikes on Iranian nuclear and military facilities, which included the assassination of senior Iranian officials. Although analysts had long predicted such an escalation, it raised immediate alarms regarding the deterioration of the remaining framework of global governance.
Israel defended the strikes as a pre-emptive measure to mitigate what it views as an existential threat from Iran’s nuclear ambitions — aligning with realist interpretations of security dilemmas. In response, Iran condemned these actions as state terrorism and a clear violation of its sovereignty, vowing to enact serious and strategic retaliation.
The Failure of Global Diplomacy and Governance
This confrontation highlights the shortcomings of global diplomacy. The breakdown of the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) — once considered a successful approach to resolving nuclear issues peacefully — has created a strategic void. Institutions like the United Nations now seem ineffective as powerful states bypass collaborative approaches in favour of unilateral military actions.
This decline in global governance reflects a wider crisis: strategic interests are taking precedence over international law, undermining the institutions meant to uphold peace and mediate disputes.
A Conflict of Narratives and Strategic Stakes
At its essence, the confrontation between Israel and Iran goes beyond mere military rivalry; it involves a clash of identities and ideologies. Israel presents itself as a defender of its citizens against perceived threats, even as it continues to violate the laws intended to safeguard Palestinian rights. Conversely, Iran is viewed by many as a champion of the underprivileged — a representation of resistance against Western imperialism.
This deep-rooted ideological divide makes meaningful negotiations virtually impossible, as Iran will not engage with Israel, which it considers an illegitimate state. As a result, the cycle of violence persists — with ongoing Israeli aggression against Palestinians met by consistent Iranian retaliation in several ways. Economically and geopolitically, the stakes are immense: competition over vital trade and oil routes, regional dominance, and influence within the Middle Eastern arms market have transformed the conflict into an existential struggle for both nations.
Why Iran Could Prevail in the Struggle for Regional Supremacy?
Despite Israel’s formidable military capabilities and Western support, Iran possesses several strategic advantages that could tip the regional balance:
Geostrategic Influence: Iran’s control over the Strait of Hormuz enables it to affect global energy markets and exert economic pressure during conflicts.
Proxy Warfare Abilities: Through Hezbollah and various allied militias, Iran has established a robust regional presence, complicating direct military confrontations.
Global Partnerships: Iran’s increasing collaborations with Russia and China offer access to sophisticated weaponry, diplomatic backing, and economic alternatives to Western sanctions.
Ideological Appeal: Iran’s leadership of a resistance movement resonates among Shia populations and sympathetic Sunni groups, enhancing its soft power and legitimacy in the region.
Combined, these elements provide Iran with the agility and fortitude to endure aggressive actions and influence the power dynamics within the Middle East.
Conclusion
The intensifying conflict between Israel and Iran illustrates the decline of international legal norms and the rise of raw power dynamics. It exposes the fragile nature of the global governance framework, which struggles to manage or resolve critical geopolitical disputes. As the region teeters on the brink of wider conflicts, the international community must respond decisively — revitalising diplomacy, bolstering institutions, and prioritising peaceful resolutions to prevent irreversible harm.
A Lesson For Nigeria And Africa
African nations, especially Nigeria, must learn from the Iran-Israel battle by managing resources strategically and strengthening institutions for resilience. Reducing reliance on foreign powers through proactive diplomacy and commitment to international norms is vital. A unified, sovereignty-driven foreign policy is essential in navigating a multipolar world. Yet, the pressing question remains: are Africa’s systems and leaders truly prepared for this challenge?